Cumulative Exam — Cumulative exam Answers

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Two animals that can be found at the Grand Canyon include the Abert’s and Kaibab squirrels. The Abert’s squirrel is found at the south rim of the canyon and in a few surrounding states. The Kaibab squirrel, however, can only be found at the canyon’s north rim, mainly on the Kaibab Plateau. The Kaibab squirrel is not found anywhere else in the world. Scientists believe that the squirrels are actually closely related and have developed separately as a result of geographic isolation. It is possible that the squirrels were separated by plateau erosion that separated the forests and isolated the Kaibab population. Some scientists are studying if the squirrels are now two separate species or if the Kaibab squirrel is simply a subspecies of the Abert’s squirrel. Separate species are unable to reproduce with each other. Which evidence would be used to support the claim that the squirrels are two separate species?

A
The Abert’s squirrel is found at the south rim of the canyon, but the Kaibab squirrel is found at the north rim of the canyon.
B
Geologists prove that plateau erosion is the main cause of forest separation in the region.
C
Scientists observe that Abert’s squirrels are slightly larger and have bushier tails than Kaibab squirrels do.
D
When placed together in pairs for study, no pair of Abert’s squirrel and Kaibab squirrel result in offspring.
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Which are produced as a result of meiosis?

A
zygotes
B
chromosomes
C
tetrads
D
gametes
3

Which best describes what happens to ATP during photosynthesis?

A
ATP is produced and then used to produce glucose.
B
ATP is broken down and then not used again.
C
ATP is formed and remains unchanged in the chloroplast.
D
ATP is changed to ADP and then moved to the cytoplasm.
4

Which is a component of the modern cell theory that was not part of the original cell theory?

A
All organisms are made of cells.
B
All cells are similar in composition and metabolic activities.
C
All cells come from preexisting cells.
D
A cell is the basic unit of structure and function for all living things.
5

Which organisms are prokaryotes?

A
archaea
B
fungi
C
protists
D
plants
6

What is the first way in which biology researchers present the results of their latest research?

A
through an article published in the newspaper
B
through an e-mail addressed to the scientific community
C
through an interview given to a local TV news reporter
D
through an article published in a scientific journal
7

Kai looks at a photo of herself with her parents. She notices that, while her features are similar to her parents’ features, they do not appear to be identical. Which explains why this is the case?

A
Their DNA is made of different codon sequences.
B
Their DNA is made of four different bases.
C
Kai inherited more proteins from one parent than the other.
D
Kai inherited different amino acids from either of her parents.
8

Cranberries and grapes may have therapeutic value. A cranberry company obtained the patent for a process to extract the oil from cranberry seeds. According to the patent, this oil can be used to treat breast cancer or to reduce its incidence. The oil can be used in drinks and foods. A grape juice company claims to have evidence that certain grapes have health benefits ranging from improving cardiovascular health to improving cognitive brain function in the elderly. These claims will be tested by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) before the companies are allowed to market their products for “treating” ailments or “improving” health. Until then, the companies can describe that their products “help to maintain” or “support” health. Until studies support their claims, the companies cannot ascribe direct health benefits to their products.Why would the FDA perform tests when a cranberry company and a grape company have already conducted research on the same products?

A
The FDA is the only organization that can test if health actually improves.
B
Tests that are performed by any company which benefits financially are considered unreliable.
C
The FDA tests give reliability to the results of improved health obtained by each company.
D
Tests performed by the FDA follow established scientific methods, but those performed by companies do not.
9

During which stage of cellular respiration is glucose broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid?

A
electron transport chain
B
glycolysis
C
Krebs cycle
D
acetyl CoA formation
10

What is another term for the manipulated variable?

A
primary variable
B
dependent variable
C
independent variable
D
uncontrolled variable
11

What is the next step in the process after a substrate enters the active site of an enzyme?

A
The chemical reaction occurs.
B
New substances called products are formed.
C
The enzyme and the substrate bind to form the enzyme-substrate complex.
D
The enzyme and the products bind to form the enzyme-products complex.
12

Many scientists are concerned that the Ogallala aquifer in the United States is being depleted at an alarming rate. What would most likely be a major effect of this aquifer running dry?

A
Many crops would die because irrigation water would be limited.
B
The water cycle would come to a halt in the area.
C
Farmers would have to water crops with salt water.
D
Most people in the United States would not have drinking water.
13

Which data could most likely be accurately replicated by other scientists?

A
determining the health of a mouse based on its appearance
B
determining the distance between trees in steps
C
calculating the length of chicken eggs in millimeters
D
reporting the height of horses in hands
15

A scientist thought he might have discovered a new plant compound that would lower blood pressure in people. In his first experiment, he injected one hundred mice with the compound and found that the blood pressure in ninety-five of the treated mice was not affected. However, all of the mice seemed to grow at a faster rate then the control group. Which statement describes the most likely outcome of this investigation?

A
The knowledge gained will lead to further experimentation that could potentially result in a new use for the drug.
B
He will develop a second experiment to find a way to make the drug successfully lower blood pressure in mice.
C
The data he collected will be used in new investigations to determine why certain people are taller than others.
D
He will use these results to conclude that the drug will most likely lower blood pressure in five percent of people.
16

Which of the following could be a nucleotide of DNA?

A
deoxyribose + phosphate group + thymine
B
deoxyribose + phosphate group + uracil
C
ribose + phosphate group + thymine
D
ribose + phosphate group + uracil
17

A scientist is studying the effect on human health of bacteria that live in the human intestine. In her study, she found that the bacteria actually help the body’s immune response. To develop scientific consensus about her idea, the scientist should

A
contact a local reporter to share her ideas.
B
publish her results in a peer-reviewed journal.
C
advise other scientists that her experiment does not require replication.
D
avoid sharing her research methods to see if other scientists obtain the same results on their own.
18

How does the cell wall protect a plant cell?

A
The cell wall protects the cell by providing support and maintaining the cell's shape.
B
The cell wall protects the cell by storing food so the plant doesn't run out.
C
The cell wall is thin and flexible, which allows the cell to be moved without harming the organelles.
D
The cell wall is on the inside of the cell and serves to contain the contents of the cell.
19

For which form of reproduction is a mate required?

A
asexual reproduction
B
sexual reproduction
C
mitosis
D
binary fission
20

Which statement correctly describes the electrons in a water molecule?

A
Electrons are pulled closer to the hydrogen atoms.
B
Electrons are pulled closer to the oxygen atom.
C
Electrons are located inside the nucleus of the hydrogen atoms.
D
Electrons are located inside the nucleus of the oxygen atoms.

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