Answers S1S Chemistry B E4912 - AGNuclear Energy

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Brian creates the diagram below to organize his notes on nuclear fission and fusion.

produces neutrons

forms heavier atoms

joins two nuclei

forms lighter nuclei

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How much of a sample remains after five half-lives have occurred?

1/5 of the original sample

1/25 of the original sample

1/32 of the original sample

1/64 of the original sample

The graph below compares the total amounts of greenhouse gas emissions expected for future mid-size cars, including emissions that occur when moving fuels from their original source to fueling stations where people can buy the fuels for their cars. Amounts are shown in grams of CO (or equivalent greenhouse gas) per mile driven by the mid-size car. Which vehicles are the best choices for environmentally friendly cars?

fuel cell electric and battery electric

hybrid electric and plug-in hybrid electric

conventional internal combustion and hybrid electric

conventional internal combustion and battery electric

Which statement correctly distinguishes photosynthesis and respiration?

Photosynthesis occurs in animal cells and not plant cells.

Cellular respiration occurs in animal cells and not plant cells.

Photosynthesis uses chemical energy as energy source, and cell respiration uses light energy.

Photosynthesis uses light as energy source, and cell respiration uses chemical energy.

A gas in a rigid container at 25°C has a pressure of 0.96 atm. A change in temperature causes the pressure to increase to 1.25 atm. What is the new temperature of the gas?Use .

–44.2°C

32.6°C

115°C

388°C

A miner develops cancer of the esophagus. Ten years before, he had been exposed to radiation when he worked for a year in a mine. He had also smoked cigarettes for a number of years, but had quit five years ago. Which statement best describes the miner’s condition?

Tests can determine whether the cancer was caused by exposure at the mine or by compounds in cigarette smoke so that a treatment can be determined.

Cancer caused by exposure at the mine would have appeared while he was at the mine, so smoking is the more likely cause.

The cancer is likely the result of natural exposure to radiation in the environment and not related to either the mine or smoking.

It is unlikely that a specific cause can be determined, but the treatment would likely be the same in either case.

Which of the following is an oxidation-reduction reaction?

SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq)

CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Ca(OH)2(s) + H2CO3(l) CaCO3(aq) + 2H2O(l)

C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)

Which best describes why acetic acid (CH3COOH) is an organic compound, but sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is not?

Acetic acid is an acid, but sodium hydroxide is a base.

An acetic acid molecule is relatively large, but a sodium hydroxide molecule is relatively small.

Acetic acid contains a significant amount of carbon, but sodium hydroxide contains no carbon.

An acetic acid molecule contains a double bond, but a sodium hydroxide molecule contains only single bonds.

A supervisor spends a day inspecting a nuclear plant for potential radiation leaks. She has to move throughout the plant inspecting all the equipment and machinery. She needs to take two different radiation detection devices to help ensure her safety and to find radiation leaks. She needs the results immediately. Which two devices would be the best choices for the task?

Geiger counter and scintillation counter

Geiger counter and cloud chamber

cloud chamber and scintillation counter

film badge and scintillation counter

Why do nuclear power plants use fission instead of fusion?

Scientists have not yet gotten a fusion reaction to happen on Earth.

Per gram of fuel, fission releases more energy than fusion.

The energy from fusion cannot yet be converted to electricity.

Fusion requires conditions that use too much energy to maintain.

Consider the redox reaction below.Which statement correctly describes a half-reaction that is taking place?

Hydrogen is oxidized from +1 to 0.

Chlorine is reduced from –1 to 0.

Aluminum is oxidized from 0 to +3.

Hydrogen is reduced from 0 to –1.

The following half-reaction method is used to balance oxidation-reduction equations.(1) Determine which atoms change oxidation state from reactant to product in the reaction.(2) Identify and write half reactions (oxidation and reduction).(3) Return to the original chemical equation to balance it.(a) Insert the coefficients from the half reactions first.(b) Inspect the number of each atom on each side for all elements.Which important step is missing from this procedure?

Check other reactions similar to this one.

Name the elements that are involved in the reaction.

Make sure the reduction half reaction is identified first.

Balance the half reactions based on the number of electrons.

The following reaction occurs in a car’s catalytic converter.2NO(g) + 2CO(g) N2(g) + 2CO2(g) Which answer best describes the reducing and oxidizing processes in this reaction?

NO and CO are both reducing agents.

NO and CO are both oxidizing agents.

The oxidation state of nitrogen in NO changes from +2 to 0, and the oxidation state of carbon in CO changes from +2 to +4 as the reaction proceeds.

The oxidation state of nitrogen in NO changes from 0 to +2, and the oxidation state of carbon in CO changes from +4 to +2 as the reaction proceeds.

Which of the following shows a Bronsted-Lowry acid reacting?

CO + NO2 CO2 + NO

NH3 + H+ NH4+

+ H+ HCO3–

HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl–

An atom bonds with another atom. What is the best classification for this reaction?

endothermic

chemical

nuclear

redox

Which best describes the function of a centrifuge?

to separate the solute from the solvent

to separate the dissolved part of a solution into layers

to separate a mixture by heating it for a long period of time

to separate the undissolved particles of a mixture into layers

Pure water at 25°C

ionizes in the presence of acid to form an equilibrium in which

self-ionizes to form an equilibrium in which

The reaction of a Lewis acid with a Lewis base would most likely be accompanied by an increase in which item?

covalent bonds

hydronium ions

electron pairs

hydroxide ions

Which is the first step in the dissolving process?

The solute becomes like the solvent.

The solute molecules are carried into the solution.

The solvent molecules surround the solute particles.

The solvent molecules are attracted to particles at the surface of the solute.

What does the symbol (–Hfus) indicate in a phase change?

A gas is being formed.

A gas is being liquefied.

A solid is being formed.

A liquid is being vaporized.

Which best describes the functional group in an aldehyde?

a carbonyl group inserted into the main chain

an –OH group and a carbonyl group attached to the main chain

a carbon chain with a carbonyl group bonded to one end

a carboxylic acid bonded on each side to a carbon chain

Look at the diagram of a fuel cell below.Which part of the fuel cell does A represent?

air

anode

cathode

electrolyte

The expression below was formed by combining different gas laws. Which law was used to determine the relationship between the volume and the number of moles in this equation?

Boyle’s law

Charles’s law

Avogadro’s law

Gay-Lussac’s law

The diagram below shows the energy conversions of the Krebs cycle, which is part of cellular respiration. The U-shaped arrows that show changes for NAD+, FAD, and ADP molecules represent energy conversions. From each glucose molecule, two acetyl-CoA molecules are made for the Krebs cycle.How many energy conversions occur when both acetyl-CoA molecules go through the Krebs cycle?

A mixture of three noble gases has a total pressure of 1.25 atm. The individual pressures exerted by neon and argon are 0.68 atm and 0.35 atm, respectively. What is the partial pressure of the third gas, helium?Use .

0.22 atm

0.33 atm

1.03 atm

2.28 atm

A 60.0-g sample of fermium-253 was placed in a sealed vessel 9.0 days ago. Only 7.5 g of this isotope is now left. What is the half-life of fermium-253?

3.0 days

4.5 days

17.5 days

20.0 days

The pOH of a solution is 6.0. Which statement is correct?Use and .

The pH of the solution is 20.0.

The concentration of OH– ions is .

The pH of the solution is 8.0.

NaCl has a Hfus = 30.2 kJ/mol and a Hvap = 171 kJ/mol. What mass of NaCl releases 452 kJ of heat as it changes into a liquid?Use .

2.64 g

22.1 g

155 g

875 g

Molecules in all organisms are composed in part of radioactive carbon-14. Which statement best explains the presence of carbon-14 in organisms?

The radioactive isotope reacts in the same way as stable isotopes in the nuclear reactions in the body.

The radioactive isotope reacts in the same way as stable isotopes in the chemical reactions in the body.

The radioactive isotope reacts faster than stable isotopes in the nuclear reactions in the body.

The radioactive isotope reacts faster than stable isotopes in the chemical reactions in the body.

Katie wants to make ball-and-stick models of the four macromolecules. She has colored balls for each of the elements in these molecules, including the following. red: hydrogen black: carbon purple: oxygen green: nitrogenIn which macromolecule will she use the black, red, and purple balls in a ratio of 1:2:1?

carbohydrates

lipids

nucleic acids

proteins

Which is a characteristic of nuclear fission?

releases nonradioactive waste only

involves the collision of two nuclei

releases small amounts of energy compared to fossil fuels

involves the splitting of an atom into two or more fragments

A chemistry journal requires that all new research papers be peer reviewed by other scientists before they are published. This allows which of the following?

The reviewers can determine the experiment’s feasibility.

The reviewers can determine the experiment’s validity.

The reviewers can include their own findings with the research.

The reviewers can determine if they will help fund the research.

Water is dissolved into n-butanol (a polar liquid). Which is the second step at the molecular level as water dissolves into n-butanol?

n-Butanol mixes with water.

Water molecules are carried into n-butanol.

n-Butanol molecules surround water molecules.

n-Butanol molecules are attracted to the surface of the water molecules.

The molar mass of NaOH is 40.00 g/mol. If 5.20 g NaOH are dissolved in 0.500 L of solution, what is the molarity of the solution?Use .

0.0125 M

0.260 M

3.85 M

7.69 M

A beam of light passes though a liquid in a test tube without scattering. Which type of mixture is most likely in the test tube?

colloid

emulsion

solution

suspension

What is a common use of bases?

as a component of vinegar

as a component of car batteries

to make foods tart

to reduce indigestion

Consider the hydrocarbon below.What is the name of this hydrocarbon?

1-ethyne

1-pentyne

1-ethane

1-butyne

Ca(OH)2 is added to a large beaker of water. How is the solution different from the original water?

The solution turns blue litmus to red.

The solution turns phenolphthalein pink.

The solution has more hydrogen ions.

The solution has fewer hydroxide ions.

Ethylene, a gas found in nature, is commonly used to ripen bananas and other fruits. Which compound is ethylene?

2 C H 2 are single bonded to each other, and both are single bonded to the same O.

A skeletal model with a chain beginning with O H, then line segments going up, down, up and ending at another O H.

2 carbons are double-bonded to each other; the pair are single bonded to H above left, above right, below right, and below left.

Two carbons are triple bonded to each other; each is single bonded to H to the outside.

What is the name of the organic compound below?

1-chloro alcohol

4-chloro, 2-butanol

1-chloro butanol

1-chloro butanoic acid

Ethanol, an organic compound, has the following structural formula.What is the chemical formula for ethanol?

CH6O

C2H5O

C2H5O2

C2H6O

Which value is most likely to be the pH of a salt solution that is formed by the reaction of a weak acid and a strong base?

2.0

6.8

7.0

8.7

A scientist researching methods to convert used motor oil into gasoline would most likely be investigating which process?

joining molecules into longer chains

breaking molecules into smaller chains

changing straight chains into rings

changing rings into straight chains

The volume of a fixed amount of gas is doubled, and the absolute temperature is doubled. According to the ideal gas law, how has the pressure of the gas changed?

It has increased to two times its original value.

It has increased to four times its original value.

It has decreased to one-half its original value.

It has stayed the same.

Which value is most likely to be the pH of a salt solution that is formed by the reaction of a strong acid and a weak base?

2.0

7.0

8.0

10.0

Four substances are tested for different properties. The results of the tests are in the table below.SubstanceCombustibleReactivitySolubility in waterSolubility in etherBoiling point (ºC)WYesYesSolubleInsoluble883XYesNoInsolubleInsoluble2,750YYesNoInsolubleSoluble196ZNoYesSolubleSoluble98Which substance is most likely an alkane?

Look at the picture below.What macromolecules make up most of the structure that is shown?

carbohydrates

lipids

nucleic acids

proteins

A student requires 2.00 L of 0.100 M NH4NO3 from a 1.75 M NH4NO3 stock solution. What is the correct way to get the solution?Use .

Measure 114 mL of the 1.75 M solution, and dilute it to 1.00 L.

Measure 114 mL of the 1.75 M solution, and dilute it to 2.00 L.

Measure 8.75 mL of the 1.75 M solution, and dilute it to 2.00 L.

Measure 8.75 mL of the 0.100 M solution, and dilute it to 2.00 L.

Which will provide the most direct measure of pH by measuring the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution?

pH meter

litmus paper

phenolphthalein

bromthymol blue

A student determines that she used 0.0665 mol of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to completely titrate 25.00 mL of sulfuric acid solution (H2SO4). What is the molarity of the sulfuric acid?

0.00133 M

0.00266 M

1.33 M

2.66 M

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