How are the first two lines ironic? The contrast of torturing and arising present a reality that is opposite of what is expected.Smiles appear on the faces of people who suffer deeply, which contradicts what is expected.Contrasting statements about the smile and Christ present a reality opposite of what is expected.Contradictory statements about "we" and "thee" present a reality opposite of what is expected.
Based on the irony throughout the poem, what is the best inference of Dunbar's theme? Society makes African Americans feel like they don't fit in.Society is gullible for not realizing that African Americans are wearing masks.Racism prevents African Americans from being themselves by making them hide their pain.Society dooms African Americans to poverty by limiting economic opportunity.
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