Answers 41111de1 CONNECTED Summer T1 2026 NM-Biology - S1DNA Mutations

Introduction to Genetics Answers

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Which best matches a type of genetic material with its description?

Nucleotides form a helical structure that is called a gene.

Genes combine to form structures called nucleotides.

Chromosomes create genes.

DNA is located in the nucleus.

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What was Friedrich Miescher's contribution to the discovery of the genetic code?

He created the first photograph of the structure of DNA.

He discovered how the DNA bases pair together.

He created the first accurate model of DNA's structure.

He extracted and observed DNA from white blood cells.

Which is a frameshift mutation?

substitution

nonsense

silent

deletion

Which is an example of how stem cells are currently being used?

for generating healthy cells to form replacement organs like brains

for directing differentiation to treat diabetes and arthritis

for testing for possible side effects of a new cancer medication

for curing heart disease by regenerating damaged heart tissue

What role do nerve cells play in the human body?

They allow the body to react to stimuli.

They regulate the exchange of chemicals.

They carry oxygen throughout the body.

They help the organs move.

James is working with the lac operon of Escherichia coli (E. coli). He places the bacteria on a plate of growth media. Based on the current understanding of this operon, which hypothesis would be useful for James to test?

Addition of allolactose (inducer) to the bacterial growth media should increase the speed at which the bacteria metabolize the sugar lactose.

Removal of the RNA polymerase molecule should increase the amount of bacterial growth on the plate.

Decreasing the amount of allolactose (inducer) in the bacterial growth media should increase the rate of bacterial growth.

Increasing the rate at which RNA polymerase acts will inhibit bacterial growth.

Meiosis occurs in a series of different phases and creates genetically unique reproductive cells. Which process helps make meiotic cells genetically different and occurs during prophase I, but not during prophase II?

fertilization

independent assortment

crossing over

chromosome replication

A forensic scientist is trying to find out the number of adenine bases in the DNA sample that he obtained from a crime scene.What can he assume about the number of adenine?

The number of adenine bases will be equal to the number of guanine bases.

The number of adenine bases will be equal to the total of all the other bases.

The number of adenine bases will be equal to the number of thymine bases.

The number of adenine bases will be half of the number of cytosine bases.

What must occur for protein translation to begin?

A water molecule must be added to the protein chain.

A peptide bond must form between subunits of mRNA.

The amino acid Cys must be picked up by tRNA.

The codon AUG must be identified.

What can a person do to limit exposure to X-rays?

wear sunblock

avoid cigarette smoke

wear a protective lead vest

avoid chemicals

The illustration below shows the steps of meiosis I. What is the step that is labeled D?

metaphase I

metaphase II

telophase II

telophase I

Which represents a strand of RNA bases?

CAAGGTCTC

AGGTTCACA

CAAGGUCUC

TGGAACTCA

How does interphase prepare cells for mitosis?

rest prior to cell division

growth of cell and replication of DNA

dissolution of nucleus and cell membrane

division of cytoplasm

How has the study of mitosis affected scientists’ knowledge of cancer?

It led to a study of how to induce cancer cells to divide more rapidly.

It led to an understanding of how cancer cells divide so rapidly.

It led to the development of contact-inhibition regulators.

It led to the discovery of how to prevent cancer cells from dividing.

Which type of cells are the least limited in differentiation?

adult stem cells

embryonic stem cells

amniotic fluid stem cells

somatic stem cells

Which is an arrangement of genes consisting of an operator, a promoter, and a repressor?

RNA polymerase

anticodon

codon

operon

How many genes make up the human genome?

four: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

23 pairs of genes

20,000–25,000 genes

3 billion genes

Which of the following correctly organizes these genetic terms in order from smallest to largest?

chromosome, gene, nucleotide, DNA molecule

nucleotide, gene, DNA molecule, chromosome

DNA molecule, nucleotide, gene, chromosome

DNA molecule, nucleotide, chromosome, gene

Which best summarizes the process of protein synthesis?

RNA instructs DNA to make proteins.

DNA unzips, resulting in the formation of two protein molecules.

RNA moves the DNA code to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

DNA makes proteins in the nucleus.

Which of these is the primary site of protein synthesis?

mitochondria

cytoplasm

nucleus

ribosomes

Which are characteristics of epithelial cells? Select two options. are unable to be used for secretion of materialsmain cells of the nervous systemfound lining many areas that contact the external environmentplays a role in protectioncarry oxygen through the bodymake up the skeletal muscle

are unable to be used for secretion of materials

main cells of the nervous system

found lining many areas that contact the external environment

plays a role in protection

carry oxygen through the body

make up the skeletal muscle

It is crucial that the process of mitosis is error free. This is because otherwise healthy cells can

grow into giant super cells.

undergo meiosis.

become cancer cells.

produce two identical cells.

Which correctly describes crossing over?

the process whereby non-sister chromatids exchange genetic material

the process whereby homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

the process whereby sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

the process whereby homologous chromosome pairs align randomly along the metaphase plate

What is the end result of meiosis?

four identical daughter cells

four different daughter cells

two identical daughter cells

two different daughter cells

Which describes something that occurs during translation?

A DNA template is used to create an mRNA strand.

A tRNA template is used to create a DNA strand.

A tRNA template is used to create an mRNA strand.

An mRNA template is used to create an amino acid chain.

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