According to Victor Vroom, which of the following is not considered a factor that influences motivation?

Vroom’s expectancy theory identifies expectancy, instrumentality, and valence as the factors that shape motivation. Expectancy is the belief that effort can lead to performance, instrumentality is the belief that performance will lead to outcomes, and valence is how much those outcomes are valued. Independence is not one of these factors, so the correct choice is “independence.”

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