AnswersPhysics in the UniverseNuclear Processes

Nuclear Processes — Test Answers

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1
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In which layer should Bettina draw the arrow?

A
cap w
B
cap x
C
cap y
D
cap z
2
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Which statements are supported by the graph? Choose two correct answers.

A
Nuclei that have 90 or greater protons are always radioactive.
B
Atoms that have less than 10 protons do not need neutrons to be stable.
C
For large atoms, more neutrons than protons are needed to be stable.
D
Atoms must have equal numbers of protons and neutrons to be stable.
3

Which labels belong in the regions marked X and Y?

A
X: Uses carbon-14 Y: Uses uranium-238
B
X: Uses isotopes with short half-lives Y: Determines ages of objects
C
X: Uses uranium-238 Y: Determines ages of objects
D
X: Determines ages of objects Y: Uses uranium-238
4

Radioisotopes often emit one or more types of radiation, including alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. The distance the radiation travels through matter before being absorbed increases in order from alpha to gamma. Which statement describes the best radioisotope that can be used for radioisotope imaging and for radionuclide therapy?

A
It emits alpha and beta particles.
B
It emits only alpha particles.
C
It emits beta particles and gamma rays.
D
It emits only gamma rays.
5

How can varves be used to construct a timeline of environmental changes?

A
Varves record seasonal deposition of sediments in glaciers and lakes and contain pollen that tells us about past environments.
B
Varves can be correlated between distant locations to provide a continuous record of climate change throughout Earth's history.
C
Varves record annual freezes and thaws and contain bubbles of air that can tell us about how the atmosphere changed.
D
Varves contain radioactive isotopes that decay at a steady rate and can be used to determine the relative ages of sediment layers.
7

The use of radioisotope imaging is best suited for which procedure?

A
to help place a stent in a heart patient’s artery
B
to pinpoint blockages in very small blood vessels
C
to monitor the function of an enzyme in the cells of the pancreas
D
to detect a small metal fragment embedded in the thigh
8

A paleontologist discovers a fossilized tree trunk in a sedimentary rock layer. They estimate the tree trunk is less than 50,000 years old. Which dating method would be the most appropriate for determining its age?

A
relative dating
B
uranium-lead dating
C
dendrochronology
D
radiocarbon dating
9

What is the first step of the hydrogen fusion process?

A
2 cubed He plus 2 cubed He rightarrow 2 to the 4th power He plus 2 times open paren 1 to the 1th power cap h close paren plus energy
B
6 times open paren 1 to the 1th power cap h close paren plus 2 times open paren negative 1 to the 0 power e close paren rightarrow 2 to the 4th power He plus 2 times open paren 1 to the 1th power cap h close paren plus energy plus 2 v
C
1 squared cap h plus 1 to the 1th power cap h rightarrow 2 cubed cap h e plus energy
D
1 to the 1th power cap h plus 1 to the 1th power cap h rightarrow 1 squared cap h plus e raised to the plus plus v power plus energy
10

In the Sun, which element is the result of the fusion of hydrogen?

A
oxygen
B
photon
C
helium
D
carbon
11

Which best describes fusion nuclear reactors?

A
They are currently used for electricity in several highly populated countries.
B
They use rods containing uranium for fuel.
C
They are used in some naval vessels, such as submarines.
D
They have been successful, but they are very expensive to operate.
12

How is mass-energy equivalence demonstrated in the Sun?

A
Hydrogen nuclei form from smaller nuclei by absorbing a large amount of energy and converting it into a small amount of mass.
B
Hydrogen nuclei fuse to form a larger nucleus by absorbing a large amount of energy and converting it into a small amount of mass.
C
Hydrogen nuclei fuse to form a larger nucleus, and a small amount of mass is converted into energy.
D
Hydrogen nuclei form from smaller nuclei, and a small amount of mass is converted into energy.
13

Which are advantages of using nuclear reactors to generate electricity? Choose three correct answers.

A
Nuclear power has a high output.
B
Nuclear power uses nonharmful fuel.
C
Nuclear power produces relatively low carbon dioxide emissions.
D
Nuclear power is readily available.
E
Nuclear power produces no hazardous byproducts.
14

Which are associated with nuclear fission but are not associated with nuclear fusion? Choose three correct answers.

A
the release of large amounts of energy
B
two small nuclei joining together
C
two small nuclei forming
D
a single large nucleus breaking apart
E
neutrons striking nuclei
15

Which change occurs when an atom undergoes alpha decay?

A
The nucleus loses mass and a new element is produced.
B
The nucleus loses energy and remains the same element.
C
The nucleus gains a proton and a new element is produced.
D
The nucleus loses a neutron and remains the same element.
16

Which is the best predictor of the radioactive nature of an isotope?

A
the proton-to-electron ratio
B
the electron-to-proton ratio
C
the neutron-to-proton ratio
D
the neutron-to-electron ratio
17

What hazard is associated with ionizing radiation?

A
It causes radiation sickness as a result of any exposure.
B
It destroys atoms in molecules, which can cause genetic mutations.
C
It undergoes radioactive decay, which can damage DNA in cells.
D
It creates charged particles that can take part in chemical reactions in cells.
19

Carla sees an equation that models a nuclear change. 1 squared cap h plus 1 cubed cap h to 2 to the 4th power He plus 0 to the 1th power n Which nuclear process does the equation illustrate?

A
nuclear fission, because the equation shows a hydrogen nucleus breaking apart and releasing a neutron
B
nuclear fission, because the equation shows two hydrogen nuclei combining to form a helium nucleus
C
nuclear fusion, because the equation shows a hydrogen nucleus breaking apart and releasing a neutron
D
nuclear fusion, because the equation shows two hydrogen nuclei combining to form a helium nucleus
20

In which range is the peak wavelength of a star that is much hotter than the Sun most likely to be?

A
ultraviolet light
B
radio waves
C
infrared radiation
D
microwaves
21

What is the relationship between radiopharmaceuticals, tracers, and radionuclides?

A
A tracer is part of a radiopharmaceutical, which functions as a radionuclide.
B
A radionuclide is part of a radiopharmaceutical, which functions as a tracer.
C
A tracer is part of a radionuclide, which functions as a radiopharmaceutical.
D
A radiopharmaceutical is part of a radionuclide, which functions as a tracer.
22

Which is the best region for each label?

A
Label 1: Z Label 2: X Label 3: Y
B
Label 1: X Label 2: Z Label 3: Z
C
Label 1: X Label 2: Z Label 3: Y
D
Label 1: X Label 2: Z Label 3: X

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