All of the following are found to have a strong association with individuals who have a personality disorder except __________.

Personality disorders are associated with inherited vulnerability and a family history of mental illness. Having a biological relative with a personality disorder or schizophrenia, or being adopted while having a biological relative with a mental disorder, may indicate increased risk. An adopted child with no family history of personality disorders is the exception because that description does not identify this family-history risk factor.

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