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Read the excerpts from "Wrongful Convictions” by Jon Gould and Just Mercy by Bryan Stevenson."Wrongful Convictions”Now, with DNA evidence available, it is essential that that testing be done earlier in a case because certain people can be weeded out from the beginning. And I recognize that that testing is expensive, but the testing is likely going to be used anyhow in these cases, so you might as well do it earlier.Just MercyWe also make terrible mistakes. Scores of innocent people have been exonerated [cleared] after being sentenced to death and nearly executed. Hundreds more have been released after being proved innocent of noncapital crimes through DNA testing. Presumptions of guilt, poverty, racial bias, and a host of other social, structural, and political dynamics have created a system that is defined by error, a system in which thousands of innocent people now suffer in prison.

A
“a system in which thousands of innocent people now suffer in prison”
B
“innocent people have been exonerated after being sentenced to death and nearly executed”
C
“have been released after being proved innocent of noncapital crimes through DNA testing”
D
“and political dynamics have created a system that is defined by error”
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Read the excerpt from Just Mercy by Bryan Stevenson.The collateral consequences of mass incarceration have been equally profound. We ban poor women and, inevitably, their children from receiving food stamps and public housing if they have prior drug convictions. We have created a new caste system that forces thousands of people into homelessness, bans them from living with their families and in their communities, and renders them virtually unemployable. Some states permanently strip people with criminal convictions of the right to vote; as a result, in several Southern states disenfranchisement among African American men has reached levels unseen since before the Voting Rights Act of 1965.We also make terrible mistakes. Scores of innocent people have been exonerated [cleared] after being sentenced to death and nearly executed. Hundreds more have been released after being proved innocent of noncapital crimes through DNA testing. Presumptions of guilt, poverty, racial bias, and a host of other social, structural, and political dynamics have created a system that is defined by error, a system in which thousands of innocent people now suffer in prison.

A
“The collateral consequences of mass incarceration have been equally profound.”
B
“Scores of innocent people have been exonerated after being sentenced to death and nearly executed.”
C
“Some states permanently strip people with criminal convictions of the right to vote; as a result, in several Southern states disenfranchisement among African American men has reached levels unseen since before the Voting Rights Act of 1965.”
D
“Presumptions of guilt, poverty, racial bias, and a host of other social, structural, and political dynamics have created a system that is defined by error, a system in which thousands of innocent people now suffer in prison.”
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What is tone?

A
the author’s or speaker’s attitude toward the subject
B
the author’s or speaker’s desire to educate readers
C
the way a text is organized
D
the way the main idea is supported
4

What is a main idea?

A
the organization of information
B
an element that enhances information
C
the purpose for writing a text
D
what a text is mostly about
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Read the excerpts from "Wrongful Convictions” by Jon Gould and Just Mercy by Bryan Stevenson."Wrongful Convictions”Now, with DNA evidence available, it is essential that that testing be done earlier in a case because certain people can be weeded out from the beginning. And I recognize that that testing is expensive, but the testing is likely going to be used anyhow in these cases, so you might as well do it earlier. Just MercyWe also make terrible mistakes. Scores of innocent people have been exonerated after being sentenced to death and nearly executed. Hundreds more have been released after being proved innocent of noncapital crimes through DNA testing. Presumptions of guilt, poverty, racial bias, and a host of other social, structural, and political dynamics have created a system that is defined by error, a system in which thousands of innocent people now suffer in prison.

A
DNA testing is crucial to clearing innocent people before they are convicted.
B
DNA testing is too expensive to use more often in investigations.
C
DNA testing is used frequently to ensure that the correct person is convicted.
D
DNA testing can be used only after a conviction has been made.
6

Read the excerpts from "Wrongful Convictions” by Jon Gould and Just Mercy by Bryan Stevenson."Wrongful Convictions”Today what I’d like to present to you are the results of a three-year project using empirical methods and a control group that really brought social science methods to the table to examine the causes of wrongful conviction.Just MercyThis book is about getting closer to mass incarceration and extreme punishment in America. It is about how easily we condemn people in this country and the injustice we create when we allow fear, anger, and distance to shape the way we treat the most vulnerable among us. It’s also about a dramatic period in our recent history, a period that indelibly marked the lives of millions of Americans—of all races, ages, and sexes—and the American psyche as a whole.

A
Both want to bring awareness to unjust convictions.
B
Both want to share their direct experiences with the justice system.
C
Both want to encourage others to fight to change the justice system.
D
Both want to show how the conviction system affects people mentally.
7

Read the excerpts from Just Mercy by Bryan Stevenson and "Wrongful Convictions” by John R. Firman.Just MercyWe also make terrible mistakes. Scores of innocent people have been exonerated after being sentenced to death and nearly executed. Hundreds more have been released after being proved innocent of noncapital crimes through DNA testing. Presumptions of guilt, poverty, racial bias, and a host of other social, structural, and political dynamics have created a system that is defined by error, a system in which thousands of innocent people now suffer in prison."Wrongful Convictions”What were the broad themes of the summit? First of all, no surprise, everybody agreed it is a system problem. This isn’t one person’s problem, it’s not one group’s problem, it’s not somebody’s fault, it’s the problem and the fault of an entire system and a whole bunch of people. In the beginning of the summit, people also said that most things, most investigations, most cases, most witness ID, start with good intention, the good intention of getting the bad guy and putting them behind bars, the real criminal, the real person who did the crime. The problem is that that often turns, and we know, from Innocence Project data, that turns to, in many cases, in certainly some number of cases, massive damage.

A
“In the beginning of the summit, people also said that most things, most investigations, most cases, most witness ID, start with good intention, the good intention of getting the bad guy.”
B
“This isn’t one person’s problem, it’s not one group’s problem, it’s not somebody’s fault, it’s the problem and the fault of an entire system and a whole bunch of people.”
C
“. . . the good intention of getting the bad guy and putting them behind bars, the real criminal, the real person who did the crime.”
D
“The problem is that that often turns, and we know, from Innocence Project data, that turns to, in many cases, in certainly some number of cases, massive damage.”
8

Read the excerpts from "Wrongful Convictions” by Jon Gould and Just Mercy by Bryan Stevenson. The authors are discussing changing the justice system."Wrongful Convictions”We are seeing a number of police departments and prosecutors take interest in these issues and really try to prevent them.Just MercyThe closer we get to mass incarceration and extreme levels of punishment, the more I believe it’s necessary to recognize that we all need mercy, we all need justice, and—perhaps—we all need some measure of unmerited grace.

A
They believe that the criminal justice system is not involved in reform.
B
They believe that the criminal justice system must be invested in reform.
C
They believe that everyone has a role in making a change to the criminal justice system.
D
They believe that forgiveness is important for change in the criminal justice system to occur.
9

Read the excerpts from "Wrongful Convictions” by John R. Firman and Just Mercy by Bryan Stevenson. "Wrongful Convictions” [In addition, we need to look at] post-arrest case review. . . . The team will sit down and say, "Let us go back and look for any potential red flags, where we can say that even though we’ve hung our hat on this case and we think this is the right person, this is the right offender, then the bottom line is, let’s go back, let’s stop, let’s just stop everything, get the checklist out—just like pilots do, just like doctors do—and say, ‘What do we have here? What does this case really look like?’”Just MercyAn absence of compassion can corrupt the decency of a community, a state, a nation. Fear and anger can make us vindictive and abusive, unjust and unfair, until we all suffer from the absence of mercy and we condemn ourselves as much as we victimize others.

A
Both authors share an emotional tone; however, Firman is highlighting the mistakes in the justice system, while Stevenson is asking for changes in the future.
B
Both authors share a cautious tone; however, Firman is arguing for specific checklists, while Stevenson is asking for broader change.
C
While Firman’s tone is methodical and Stevenson’s tone is passionate, both excerpts seek measured fairness in the application of justice.
D
While Firman’s tone is conversational and Stevenson’s tone is formal, both excerpts ask that the justice sector be more like the health and safety sectors.
10

Read the excerpts from "Wrongful Convictions” by Jon Gould and Just Mercy by Bryan Stevenson."Wrongful Convictions”Being known to the police or having your photo in a mug shot book means that you are more likely—if you are innocent—to be wrongly convicted.Just MercyWe also make terrible mistakes. Scores of innocent people have been exonerated [cleared] after being sentenced to death and nearly executed. Hundreds more have been released after being proved innocent of noncapital crimes through DNA testing. Presumptions of guilt, poverty, racial bias, and a host of other social, structural, and political dynamics have created a system that is defined by error, a system in which thousands of innocent people now suffer in prison.

A
The evidence in both excerpts shows that racial bias plays a part in wrongful conviction.
B
The evidence in both excerpts shows that assumptions are a cause of wrongful convictions.
C
The evidence in both excerpts shows that poverty is a reason for wrongful convictions.
D
The evidence in both excerpts shows that social structures are a cause for wrongful convictions.

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