Explain how a bottleneck event can enrich recessive traits in the genetics of a population.
A bottleneck event severely reduces the fraction of a species able to pass on their genes to offspring. Any once rare recessive traits present in the surviving breeding population are passed to a larger fraction of the total population of offspring, thereby enriching those recessive traits in the total gene pool.
New Zealand has a population of 4,326,380 and has an area of 103,736 mi while Australia has an area of 2,967,909 mi and a population of 21,905,140. Calculate the population density for New Zealand and Australia. Round the population densities to the nearest whole number.

New Zealand’s population density = 4,326,380 people /103,736 mi^2 = 42 people/mi^2. Australia’s population density = 21,905,140 people / 2,967,909 mi^2 = 7 people/mi^2.
Contrast disruptive and stabilizing selections.
While stabilizing selection selects for the most common, normal traits in a population, disruptive selection selects for extremes. Disruptive selection eliminates the very intermediate traits that stabilizing selection preserves.
What are the possible impacts on the limiting factors that determine population size of an extended period of lower than normal rainfall?
Extended drought reduces water availability (a key limiting factor). This lowers plant growth and primary productivity, reduces food and habitat for consumers, intensifies competition for remaining resources, and can raise mortality rates, ultimately decreasing carrying capacity and population size.
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