AnswersAP Biology - SC5182 ASkills Lesson: Statistical Analysis of Data

Unit 1 Test Answers

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1
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One of the roles of blood is to transport nutrients around the body and deliver molecules such as sugars and lipids to cells. A scientist makes the observation that since blood is composed of water, sugars tend to dissolve, while lipids aggregate.Which of the following claims would be the most useful way for scientists to explain this phenomenon?

A
Smaller and simpler molecules such as sugars tend to dissolve, while larger and complex molecules such as lipids aggregate out.
B
When water is heated, it takes less heat to dissolve sugars than it does to dissolve lipids.
C
Water molecules stay close together as a result of adhesion, while lipids aggregate out as result of cohesion.
D
Water dissolves some molecules while causing the aggregation of others because of hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions.
2
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Which of the following properties does NOT play a role in trees growing to towering heights by moving water from roots to leaves?

A
water forming hydrogen bonds with other water molecules
B
water forming hydrogen bonds with other substances like cell walls
C
water absorbing energy to change the state of matter from liquid to gas
D
water absorbing energy in large amounts to increase by a degree of temperature
3

Tristearin is a molecule composed of glycerol attached to 3 fatty acids. It stores energy and, when broken down, delivers fatty acids to the bloodstream to be used throughout the body.The presence of which of the following structural characteristics allows this molecule to effectively store long-term energy?

A
glycerol molecule
B
multiple hydroxyl groups
C
multiple carbon rings
D
chains of carbons
4

Which of the following correctly describes the linkage that will be formed with the nitrogen base shown in the image below while building a strand of RNA?

Question illustration
A
Two hydrogen bonds will form with uracil.
B
Two glycosidic bonds will form with adenine.
C
Three hydrogen bonds will form with guanine.
D
Three glycosidic bonds will form with thymine.
5

Lactose is a disaccharide composed of one glucose monomer and one galactose monomer. The molecular formula for both glucose and galactose is C6H12O6.Which of the following shows the molecular formula for lactose?

A
C12H26O13
B
C6H24O12
C
C12H24O12
D
C12H22O11
6

Amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks down starches into sugars. Which component of the amino acid gives the monomer the unique characteristics that help amylase function?

Question illustration
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
7

When a flu virus enters the body, the immune system creates antibodies made of polypeptide chains to fight the virus. The specific shape of the protein allows it to bind to the virus and deactivate it.How does the antibody’s primary protein structure create the specific shape to bind to flu viruses?

A
The sequence of amino acids determines where hydrogen bonds form between segments of the polypeptide backbone. The hydrogen bonds and interactions between the side chains give the antibody its shape.
B
The sequence of amino acids determines where hydrogen bonds form between the amino acids’ side chains. The peptide bonds and interactions between the side chains give the antibody its shape.
C
The antibody’s primary structure consists of hydrogen bonds formed between segments of the polypeptide backbone. These determine how the amino acids’ side chains will interact, which gives the antibody its shape.
D
The antibody’s primary structure consists of disulfide bridges that twist and bend the polypeptide chain and give the antibody its shape. The antibody’s shape allows it to bind to a protein from the virus.
8

An mRNA macromolecule transcribes genetic code from a DNA macromolecule in a cell’s nucleus and carries the code into the cytoplasm to synthesize a protein.Which of the following statements is true about the nucleotides in the mRNA macromolecule and the DNA macromolecule?

A
The number of uracil bases in the mRNA is the same as the number of cytosine bases on the strand of DNA that it transcribed.
B
The number of uracil bases in the mRNA is the same as the number of thymine bases on the strand of DNA that it transcribed.
C
The number of uracil bases in the mRNA is the same as the number of adenine bases on the strand of DNA that it transcribed.
D
The number of uracil bases in the mRNA is the same as the number of guanine bases on the strand of DNA that it transcribed.
9

Starch and cellulose are two polysaccharides formed from glucose monomers with glycosidic linkages. Most animals can use starch for energy, but cannot digest cellulose.Which of the following statements best describes how the molecular structure of cellulose inhibits its digestion by animals?

A
The location of the disulfide bridges in cellulose create a linear structure where enzymes cannot catalyze decomposition.
B
The modified glucose units of cellulose have a nitrogen-containing functional group that inhibits decomposition.
C
Cellulose is made of glucose monomers in α form that animal enzymes cannot hydrolyze.
D
Cellulose is made of glucose monomers with β linkages that animal enzymes cannot hydrolyze.
10

An experiment was conducted in which a purified protein from the body was exposed to a solution high in urea, and its tertiary structure was lost. When it was removed from the solution, the protein regained its original structure.Which of the following describes what is occurring when the protein is exposed to the solution high in urea?

A
The side chains of the protein react with the urea, breaking bonds, which causes a conformation change.
B
The sequence of amino acids rearranges in a toxic environment, which causes a conformation change.
C
Urea reacts with the side chains of the protein sequence that causes a conformation change.
D
The side chains of the protein react with urea, forming new bonds that cause a conformation change.
11

Storage carbohydrates and fiber in both plants and animals are made from glucose but vary by where bonds form, as shown in this diagram.

Question illustration
A
The branches enable a carbohydrate to accumulate in all areas in plants and animals.
B
A branched structure enables hydrolysis by water molecules to break down and release the energy.
C
A branched structure takes up less space and reduces the energy a plant or animal requires.
D
Branched molecules take up less space and therefore a plant or animal can store more energy.
12

While running the 100-meter dash, Elisa uses a lot of energy and begins to use the glycogen stores in her muscles. The chemical reaction for breaking down glycogen to obtain glucose to use for energy production is shown here.

Question illustration
A
The glycogen polymer undergoes hydrolysis to form a glucose monomer and glycogen.
B
The glycogen polymer undergoes dehydration synthesis to form a glucose monomer and a glycogen.
C
The glycogen polymer undergoes enzyme lysis and loses its ability to function as storage for carbohydrates.
D
The glycogen polymer’s alpha glycosidic bonding is broken by water and results in two glucose monomers.
13

This diagram shows the construction of a polymer from two monomers.

Question illustration
A
The two monomers undergo dehydration synthesis, which results in the formation of a lipid.
B
The two monomers undergo hydrolysis, which results in the formation of a dipeptide.
C
The two monomers undergo a reaction, which results in the formation of a lipid.
D
The two monomers undergo dehydration synthesis, which results in the formation of a dipeptide.
14

Cell membranes are a border between the aqueous environment outside the cell and the aqueous environment of the cytoplasm inside the cell. Cell membranes are in part made of phospholipid polymers.

Question illustration
A
The hydrophilic heads will face outward toward the cell’s exterior and inward toward the cell’s interior. The fatty acids will be tail-to-tail in the center of the membrane.
B
The glycerol region in the fatty acid will bend toward the interior of the cell. The choline will bend toward the exterior of the cell.
C
The hydrophobic heads will bind with other hydrophobic heads and turn inward to the center of the membrane. The fatty acids will randomly move, giving the membrane fluidity.
D
One choline will turn inward toward other choline in the bilayer. The fatty acids will be attracted to the choline and form the interior of the membrane.
15

Which of the following statements best describes why most animal fats are formed from saturated fatty acids?

A
The hydrocarbon chains of saturated fatty acids are straight so they can be tightly packed to store more energy in less space.
B
The hydrocarbon chains of saturated fat cannot pack together closely, which keeps the animal from becoming too large.
C
The hydrocarbon chains of saturated fatty acids allow fewer hydrogen atoms to bond, which makes the molecule stable for energy storage.
D
The hydrocarbon chains of saturated fatty acids have bends so they can be loosely packed to store more energy in less space.
16

Hemoglobin A1 is the quaternary protein structure on a red blood cell involved in oxygen transport. Hemoglobin A1 has two α-chains and two β-chains. A blood pH change caused several bonds to break between the amino acid chain. Which would most likely result from this change in concentration?

A
The hemoglobin will no longer carry oxygen due to a change in the shape of the protein.
B
The hemoglobin will continue to carry oxygen at the same level as the previous structure.
C
The hemoglobin will adapt to concentration changes to maintain its original shape.
D
The hemoglobin will increase its oxygen carrying capacity to restore the blood concentration levels.
17

When adding more sucrose to a 0.7M sucrose solution, why does it not dissolve as readily as it did at a lower molarity?

A
The ions in the solution interact with the sugar and that interferes with its solubility.
B
The solubility of the solute depends on whether the solute has hydroxyl functional groups or not.
C
The solute molecules adhere to the polar regions of the water molecules so there is no room for more sucrose molecules.
D
Hydrogen bonds in the water molecules change the electrical charge of the sugar molecule, which prevents it from dissolving further in the water.
18

Buffer systems in the body maintain proper pH balance in order for life processes to proceed. Proteins found in the blood plasma are often used as buffers. What makes a protein able to function as a buffer?

A
The protein’s molecular shape must enable it to bind with other proteins in the plasma.
B
The protein must be capable of both accepting and releasing protons.
C
The protein must maintain its ability to release various amino acids, thus changing its molecular shape.
D
The protein must take on a conformation change according to the activity of the associated enzyme in regulating the blood’s pH.
19

A runner picks up pace on a warm day and starts sweating profusely. What property of water explains how sweating helps the runner continue running?

A
Since water molecules are polar, they adhere to the surface of the skin, which allows cooling. The skin’s outer layer of dead cells enables the adhesion.
B
At elevated body temperature, the hydrogen bonds in water break, which allows water to escape as vapor. This causes heat loss in the body, which lowers body temperature.
C
Hydrogen bonds rearrange at higher temperatures and form a lattice structure that requires energy. This energy use lowers the heat in the body.
D
Sweating is due to the high heat capacity of water. When sweating increases, heat is released and the body temperature is lowered.
20

Glycine (C2H5NO2) is added to a growing peptide chain containing methionine (C5H11NO2S) and alanine (C3H7NO2). Which of the following peptide chain orientations best displays the growing chain and peptide bond between the amino acids?

A
Option
Option A
B
Option
Option B
C
Option
Option C
D
Option
Option D

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