Rhetorical Devices in a Political Speech — Cumulative exam Answers

Read the excerpt from Other Words for Home.When I get up, Mama is in the kitchen brewing tea. She has set out large chunks of feta and slightly toasted pitas.She toasts them right on the open flame in our kitchen. I know that everyone’s mother makes them this way, but I still cannot imagine doing it myself one day.Other Words For Home by Jasmine Warga Text Copyright (c) 2019 by Jasmine Warga. Used by permission of HarperCollins Publishers

Read the excerpt from "The Environmental Ethic." Mother Earth . . . is no more than the commonality of organisms and the physical environment they maintain with each passing moment, an environment that will destabilize and turn lethal if the organisms are disturbed too much. . . . To disregard the diversity of life is to risk catapulting ourselves into an alien environment. We will have become like the pilot whales that inexplicably beach themselves on New England shores.Which of the following choices best expresses the type of appeal Wilson uses in this passage?

Read the passage.The city commission’s rejection of building permits along our waterways is based on our review of the environmental impact statement prepared by the university on the construction of homes and businesses along the Dog River Watershed in southern Alabama. The removal of vegetation in the construction process has resulted in excessive erosion along the streams and rivers in that area.

Read this excerpt from Levitt and Dubner’s Freakonomics. The incentive scheme that rules sumo is intricate and extraordinarily powerful. Each wrestler maintains a ranking that affects every slice of life; how much money he makes, how large an entourage he carries, how much he gets to eat, sleep, and otherwise take advantage of his success. The sixty-six highest-ranked wrestlers in Japan, comprising the makuuchi and juryo divisions, make up the sumo elite. A wrestler near the top of this elite pyramid may earn millions and is treated like royalty. Any wrestler in the top forty earns at least $170,000 a year. The seventieth-ranked wrestler in Japan, meanwhile, earns only $15,000 a year. Life isn’t very sweet outside the elite. Low-ranked wrestlers must tend to their superiors, preparing their meals and cleaning their quarters and even soaping up their hardest-to-reach body parts. So ranking is everything.A wrestler’s ranking is based on his performance in the elite tournaments that are held six times a year. Each wrestler has fifteen bouts per tournament, one per day over fifteen consecutive days. If he finishes the tournament with a winning record (eight victories or better), his ranking will rise. If he has a losing record, his ranking falls. If it falls far enough, he is booted from the elite rank entirely. The eighth victory in any tournament is therefore critical, the difference between promotion and demotion; it is roughly four times as valuable in the rankings as the typical victory.Based on the excerpt, which statement provides the best example of incentive for a sumo wrestler to cheat?

Read the passage.In 1870, Clara Barton was in Europe on vacation when the Franco-Prussian War began. Unable to resist the opportunity to aid soldiers in need, she sprang into action and became involved with the International Red Cross.Read Cyrus’s paraphrase of the passage.Clara Barton was on vacation in Europe when the Franco-Prussian War began in 1870. She was unable to resist helping soldiers in need, so she sprang into action and got involved with the International Red Cross.

Read the passage.When the US Constitution was written, voting rights were extended only to White men 21 and older who owned property. The 15th Amendment, ratified in 1870, granted suffrage to Black men. The 19th Amendment granted White women 21 and older the right to vote in 1920. It was not until 1971, in the middle of the Vietnam War when men 18 and older were being drafted to fight, that the voting age was lowered to 18 with the ratification of the 26th Amendment. Still today, however, millions of citizens of the United States are denied the right to vote because they have been convicted of felonies. This disenfranchisement of these citizens who have paid their debt to society must end.

Read the excerpt from "Among Free Men." No wrongs have ever been righted by riots or civil disorders.

Read the following excerpt from E. O. Wilson’s “The Environmental Ethic.”Species are disappearing at an accelerating rate through human action, primarily habitat destruction but also pollution and the introduction of exotic species into residual natural environments. I have said that a fifth or more of the species of plants and animals could vanish or be doomed to early extinction by the year 2020 unless better efforts are made to save them. . . . As the last forests are felled [destroyed] in forest strongholds like the Philippines and Ecuador, the decline of species will accelerate even more. In the world as a whole, extinction rates are already hundreds or thousands of times higher than before the coming of man. They cannot be balanced by new evolution in any period of time that has meaning for the human race.Why should we care? What difference does it make if some species are extinguished, if even half of all the species on earth disappear? Let me count the ways. New sources of scientific information will be lost. Vast potential biological wealth will be destroyed. Still undeveloped medicines, crops, pharmaceuticals, timber, fibers, pulp, soil-restoring vegetation, petroleum substitutes, and other products and amenities will never come to light. Based on the excerpt, which statement best summarizes the author’s beliefs about the disappearing species?

Read the passage.Water used to maintain lawns is a terrible misuse of resources. Natural landscaping that can survive on the average rainfall in the area creates an interesting landscape that does not drain municipal water sources. The US Environmental Protection Agency maintains a list of resources to help people design a landscape with plants native to their area. There is a list for each state, and some of the lists even break down the best plants for particular regions of the state.

Read the excerpt from E.O. Wilson’s “The Environmental Ethic.”Species are disappearing at an accelerating rate through human action, primarily habitat destruction but also pollution and the introduction of exotic species into residual natural environments. I have said that a fifth or more of the species of plants and animals could vanish or be doomed to early extinction by the year 2020 unless better efforts are made to save them. . . . As the last forests are felled in forest strongholds like the Philippines and Ecuador, the decline of species will accelerate even more. In the world as a whole, extinction rates are already hundreds or thousands of times higher than before the coming of man. They cannot be balanced by new evolution in any period of time that has meaning for the human race.What message does the author convey in this excerpt?

Read the excerpt from Freakonomics. Now let’s look at the win-loss percentage between the 7–7 wrestlers and the 8–6 wrestlers the next time they meet, when neither one is on the bubble. In this case, there is no great pressure on the individual match. So you might expect the wrestlers who won their 7–7 matches in the previous tournament to do about as well as they had in earlier matches against these same opponents—that is, winning roughly 50 percent of the time. You certainly wouldn’t expect them to uphold their 80 percent clip. As it turns out, the data show that the 7–7 wrestlers win only 40 percent of the rematches. Eighty percent in one match and 40 percent in the next? How do you make sense of that?Which type of evidence does the authors use in this excerpt to support the claim that some sumo wrestlers will intentionally lose a match?

Read the excerpt from "Keynote Address." Of course, expectations are rising, and they are rising faster than we in our imperfect world can fulfill them. The revolution we in the United States are experiencing was born of democratic processes that not only accommodate economic progress and social mobility, but actively encourage them. But it is important to remember that these expectations are the children of progress and that today’s restlessness has been nurtured by our very real achievements. Out of these should emerge a brighter and better society than we have known.

Which best describes the appeal Kennedy makes in "Make Gentle the Life of This World"?

Read the excerpt from Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner’s Freakonomics.The incentive scheme that rules sumo is intricate and extraordinarily powerful. Each wrestler maintains a ranking that affects every slice of his life; how much money he makes, how large an entourage he carries, how much he gets to eat, sleep, and otherwise take advantage of his success. The sixty-six highest-ranked wrestlers in Japan, comprising the makuuchi and juryo divisions, make up the sumo elite. A wrestler near the top of this elite pyramid may earn millions and is treated like royalty. Any wrestler in the top forty earns at least $170,000 a year. The seventieth-ranked wrestler in Japan, meanwhile, earns only $15,000 a year. Life isn’t very sweet outside the elite. Low-ranked wrestlers must tend to their superiors, preparing their meals and cleaning their quarters, and even soaping up their hardest-to-reach body parts. So ranking is everything.Which sentence from the excerpt best supports the idea that the high-ranking sumo wrestlers enjoy many luxuries?

Read the excerpt from Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner’s Freakonomics.Let’s now consider the following statistic, which represents the hundreds of matches in which a 7–7 wrestler faced an 8–6 wrestler on a tournament’s final day: 7–7 WRESTLER’S PREDICTED WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 8–6 OPPONENT: 48.77–7 WRESTLER’S ACTUAL WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 8–6 OPPONENT: 79.6So the 7–7 wrestler, based on past outcomes, was expected to win just less than half the time. This makes sense; their records in this tournament indicate that the 8–6 wrestler is slightly better. But in actuality, the wrestler on the bubble won almost eight out of ten matches against his 8–6 opponent. Wrestlers on the bubble also do astonishingly well against 9–5 opponents:7–7 WRESTLER’S PREDICTED WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 9–5 OPPONENT: 47.27–7 WRESTLER’S ACTUAL WIN PERCENTAGE AGAINST 9–5 OPPONENT: 73.4The authors use the statistics in this excerpt to