Commemoration and Decoration — Unit test Answers

• 1826 – The first permanent image was produced. • 1839 – The first known photo of a person. • 1847 – The first photos of lightning and war. • 1861 – The first color photograph was produced. • 1878 – The first action photos were seen. • 1889 – The first published photograph was printed in National Geographic.

Aperture: The opening in a photographic lens that admits light. Lens: The glass over the opening that focuses the incoming image. Shutter: A device in a camera that opens to allow light through the lens and exposes the film when a photograph is taken.

Drawing can serve a purpose, or can exist as works of art in their own right. Drawings may be preparation for a more durable, complex work such as a painting or sculpture. As works of art, they can be illustrations for a text, a cartoon, a book, or a myth, or they can be pieces of art to be presented.

Vellum is created by painting on a type of parchment material or on a surface made from the skin of a young calf that has been stretched out. It was particularly used to create illuminated manuscripts, but isn’t used much today. Encaustic is created by mixing pigment with hot wax. The artist sculpts the material into place, and can reheat it if it harden and he/she wants to make changes.

This piece is by German artist Anselm Keifer, and is entitled, Heath of the Brandenburg March. The artist chose to use a mixed media of oil, acrylic, and shellac, which he painted onto burlap. The artist was coming to grips with his country and its past. He wanted to create a piece that was rough and would convey a message of anguish.

Pigment: Ground up solids that contain color the color in paint. Vehicle: A substance that is added to color pigments that adjusts the viscosity (ability to move) of the paint. Binder: A liquid ingredient in a media’s vehicle that binds particles of pigment together.

Vine charcoal is created by burning sticks of wood into soft, medium, and hard consistencies. Compressed charcoal is charcoal powder mixed with gum binder compressed into round or square sticks. The amount of binder determines the hardness of the stick. Powdered charcoal is charcoal powder in its raw form, and is often used to "tone" or cover large sections of a drawing surface.

Pencils have been used since the 16th century. Graphite is a mix of carbon and clay that is combined by being heated in an oven. An HB pencil is the basic pencil most people use for everyday tasks. When the H# is increased, there is less clay. This makes the texture harder and creates a very light sketch.

This painting is by Mary Cassat. She chose to use oil paints. When Cassat chose to use oil paints, she most likely considered that oil paints are slow drying which can make them difficult to work with, but can also allow got mixing and blending of colors to created various affects. She also would have considered that oil paints are long-lasting and retain their vibrancy over time.

The tools, paper, ink, and method of relief printing will influence the final product and the effect it produces. Certain methods/techniques, tools, and products serve different purposes, whether it be detailed, color, design, etc.

A linocut is created by cutting away an image from linoleum, a soft synthetic material. It is effective because it creates images that are bold and striking, in which the designs are highly contrasting. The process is critiqued because it is relatively simple to create and perfect, when comparing it to other techniques in art.

Picasso created the two pieces of artwork. The pieces of artwork are similar, because the picture on the left is a sketch for the completed work of art shown on the right, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon. Picasso drew the image on the left first, preparing a strong visual concept before beginning work on the final version. By creating sketches, artists can sort out ideas and vary the arrangement of visual art elements and design principles, allowing adjustments to be made before beginning a final piece. Also, drawing is a relatively inexpensive form of art, so it can be beneficial for the artist to work out details in a sketch before beginning a final piece, which usually requires much more expensive materials.

Silverpoint is a technique that uses a thin silver wire in a stick to create a drawing. It was first used during the 14th and 15th centuries. It can create unique and beautiful pieces of art, but is also difficult to work with and expensive.

Photogravure was invented in 1876. Similar to Intaglio printing, it is printing process in which an image is photographed through a screen on to a sensitized printing plate that after development is etched. Basically, the artist creates a film positive on a piece of film, so it is transparent. Light is then projected through the film positive onto some type of plate or surface, which has a tissue coated with a gel cover. Through a number of exposures and washings, parts of the gel hardens, while other do not. Recessed areas form with each trial that can then be filled with ink for printing. It is important to the history of photography because it is the earliest known form for reproducing photographs on film.

Digital photography is a process in which there is no film yet the image is exposed the same way the digital camera does. With digital photography, the charge-coupling device is exposing light to thousands of little dots that record the light into pixels. The pixels can be recreated or reproduced onto the computer and then printed. Digital photography has opened up the doors for photographers, allowing artists to manipulate images and create images or scenes that may never have existed.