Unit Test — Unit test Answers

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3

Read the excerpt from "The Environmental Ethic." Mother Earth . . . is no more than the commonality of organisms and the physical environment they maintain with each passing moment, an environment that will destabilize and turn lethal if the organisms are disturbed too much. . . . To disregard the diversity of life is to risk catapulting ourselves into an alien environment. We will have become like the pilot whales that inexplicably beach themselves on New England shores.Which of the following choices best expresses the type of appeal Wilson uses in this passage?

A
The author uses logos to develop his argument by providing factual information about pilot whales in New England.
B
The author uses logos to develop his argument by gaining sympathy for the pilot whales in New England.
C
The author uses pathos to develop his argument by including emotionally charged language to evoke a response.
D
The author uses pathos to develop his argument by chastising the reader for the destruction of the environment.
7

Read this excerpt from Levitt and Dubner’s Freakonomics. The incentive scheme that rules sumo is intricate and extraordinarily powerful. Each wrestler maintains a ranking that affects every slice of life; how much money he makes, how large an entourage he carries, how much he gets to eat, sleep, and otherwise take advantage of his success. The sixty-six highest-ranked wrestlers in Japan, comprising the makuuchi and juryo divisions, make up the sumo elite. A wrestler near the top of this elite pyramid may earn millions and is treated like royalty. Any wrestler in the top forty earns at least $170,000 a year. The seventieth-ranked wrestler in Japan, meanwhile, earns only $15,000 a year. Life isn’t very sweet outside the elite. Low-ranked wrestlers must tend to their superiors, preparing their meals and cleaning their quarters and even soaping up their hardest-to-reach body parts. So ranking is everything.A wrestler’s ranking is based on his performance in the elite tournaments that are held six times a year. Each wrestler has fifteen bouts per tournament, one per day over fifteen consecutive days. If he finishes the tournament with a winning record (eight victories or better), his ranking will rise. If he has a losing record, his ranking falls. If it falls far enough, he is booted from the elite rank entirely. The eighth victory in any tournament is therefore critical, the difference between promotion and demotion; it is roughly four times as valuable in the rankings as the typical victory.Based on the excerpt, which statement provides the best example of incentive for a sumo wrestler to cheat?

A
Sumo wrestling is revered in a way that American sports can never be.
B
A sumo wrestler near the top of the elite pyramid may earn millions of dollars.
C
Sumo wrestling has fifteen bouts in each elite tournament.
D
A sumo wrestler must participate in elite tournaments six times a year.
11

How does the author use fictional elements to develop a theme in "Look Homeward, Angel"?

A
The author develops the societal outcast theme through characterization.
B
The author develops the marital harmony theme through plot details.
C
The author develops the small-town gossip theme through setting details.
D
The author develops the coming-of-age theme through point of view.
15

Read this excerpt from Levitt and Dubner’s Freakonomics. The incentive scheme that rules sumo is intricate and extraordinarily powerful. Each wrestler maintains a ranking that affects every slice of life; how much money he makes, how large an entourage he carries, how much he gets to eat, sleep, and otherwise take advantage of his success. The sixty-six highest-ranked wrestlers in Japan, comprising the makuuchi and juryo divisions, make up the sumo elite. A wrestler near the top of this elite pyramid may earn millions and is treated like royalty. Any wrestler in the top forty earns at least $170,000 a year. The seventieth-ranked wrestler in Japan, meanwhile, earns only $15,000 a year. Life isn’t very sweet outside the elite. Low-ranked wrestlers must tend to their superiors, preparing their meals and cleaning their quarters and even soaping up their hardest-to-reach body parts. So ranking is everything.A wrestler’s ranking is based on his performance in the elite tournaments that are held six times a year. Each wrestler has fifteen bouts per tournament, one per day over fifteen consecutive days. If he finishes the tournament with a winning record (eight victories or better), his ranking will rise. If he has a losing record, his ranking falls. If it falls far enough, he is booted from the elite rank entirely. The eighth victory in any tournament is therefore critical, the difference between promotion and demotion; it is roughly four times as valuable in the rankings as the typical victory.Based on the excerpt, which of the following statements best summarizes the incentive system that ranks sumo wrestlers?

A
The incentive system penalizes elite sumo wrestlers.
B
The incentive system rewards elite sumo wrestlers.
C
The incentive system treats all sumo wrestlers equally.
D
The incentive system treats all sumo wrestlers like royalty.
17

Read the excerpt from E.O. Wilson’s “The Environmental Ethic.”Why should we care? What difference does it make if some species are extinguished, if even half of all the species on earth disappear? Let me count the ways. New sources of scientific information will be lost. Vast potential biological wealth will be destroyed. Still undeveloped medicines, crops, pharmaceuticals, timber, fibers, pulp, soil-restoring vegetation, petroleum substitutes, and other products and amenities will never come to light. It is fashionable in some quarters to wave aside the small and obscure, the bugs and weeds, forgetting that an obscure moth from Latin America saved Australia’s pastureland from overgrowth by cactus, that the rosy periwinkle provided the cure for Hodgkin’s disease and childhood lymphocytic leukemia, that the bark of the Pacific yew offers hope for victims of ovarian and breast cancer, that a chemical from the saliva of leeches dissolves blood clots during surgery, and so on down a roster already grown long and illustrious despite the limited research addressed to it.Which techniques does Wilson use in this excerpt to convey important information to his readers?

A
Wilson uses humorous anecdotes that make the information more interesting.
B
Wilson uses metaphors that appeal to a wide range of the reader’s senses.
C
Wilson relates the significance of the information directly to the reader’s life.
D
Wilson refers to empirical statistics to relate the importance of his message.
18

Read the following excerpt from E. O. Wilson’s “The Environmental Ethic.”Species are disappearing at an accelerating rate through human action, primarily habitat destruction but also pollution and the introduction of exotic species into residual natural environments. I have said that a fifth or more of the species of plants and animals could vanish or be doomed to early extinction by the year 2020 unless better efforts are made to save them. . . . As the last forests are felled [destroyed] in forest strongholds like the Philippines and Ecuador, the decline of species will accelerate even more. In the world as a whole, extinction rates are already hundreds or thousands of times higher than before the coming of man. They cannot be balanced by new evolution in any period of time that has meaning for the human race.Why should we care? What difference does it make if some species are extinguished, if even half of all the species on earth disappear? Let me count the ways. New sources of scientific information will be lost. Vast potential biological wealth will be destroyed. Still undeveloped medicines, crops, pharmaceuticals, timber, fibers, pulp, soil-restoring vegetation, petroleum substitutes, and other products and amenities will never come to light. Based on the excerpt, which statement best summarizes the author’s beliefs about the disappearing species?

A
The loss of plant species and habitats will lead to widespread animal extinction.
B
The loss of plant species and habitats will lead to environmental problems in remote regions.
C
The loss of plant species and habitats will displace animals and decrease human wealth.
D
The loss of plant species and habitats will devastate animals and hinder human progress.
19

Based on the style and language used in “Homework,” Alan Ginsberg would most likely agree that the writing of this text

A
is an expression of his protest over the current state of the world.
B
is an attempt at imitating his favorite American poet, Walt Whitman.
C
is a social commentary on the need for better global sanitation habits.
D
is aimed at gaining respect as a beat poet for confronting a serious topic.
20

Read the excerpt from Freakonomics. It’s worth thinking about the incentive a wrestler might have to throw a match. Maybe he accepts a bribe (which would obviously not be recorded in the data). Or perhaps some other arrangement is made between the two wrestlers. Keep in mind that the pool of elite sumo wrestlers is extraordinarily tight-knit. Each of the sixty-six elite wrestlers fights fifteen of the others in a tournament every two months. Furthermore, each wrestler belongs to a stable that is typically managed by a former sumo champion, so even the rival stables have close ties. Which of the following claims is best supported by the evidence in this excerpt?

A
The offering of a bribe is a guaranteed enticement for a champion sumo wrestler to purposely lose a match in a tournament.
B
The close relationship between sumo wrestlers could be an incentive for an elite wrestler to throw a match he doesn’t need to win.
C
Because sumo wrestlers have strong social ties, it is a dishonor to throw a match in a tournament.
D
There is great pressure for sumo wrestlers to cheat in order to beat wrestlers from rival stables.

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