AnswersCMS Summer 2026 Earth and Environmental Science CREDIT RECOVERYUnit Test

Unit Test — Unit test Answers

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1
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Which statement explains how planets move in orbit as supported by Newton’s first law of motion?

A
Planets can change the direction of their own orbital path.
B
Planets can change orbits due to their inertia.
C
Planets in motion will have a constant speed unless acted on by an outside force.
D
Planets with a greater mass will orbit more quickly than smaller planets.
2
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What can be observed only by observing its effects on gravity?

A
dark matter
B
a solar nebula
C
gas and dust
D
a planetesimal
3

Look at the diagram of the moon and three different paths that it could take.

Question illustration
A
the path of the moon toward the Sun
B
the path of the moon’s orbit around Earth
C
the path the moon would take if it had a larger mass than the Sun
D
the path the moon would take if there was no force of Earth’s gravity
4

Which object(s) formed last in our solar system?

A
the Sun
B
the solar nebula
C
the inner planets
D
the planetesimals
5

How did Galileo increase public support for Copernicus’s model?

A
by publishing his work in Italian
B
by using data collected by Tycho Brahe
C
by explaining why planets appear to move backward
D
by arguing that Earth’s rotation makes objects appear to move in the sky
6

What is some of the evidence used by Galileo to support Copernicus’s model and disprove Aristotle and Ptolemy’s?

A
Each planet spins in an epicycle.
B
Planets appear to move backward.
C
Jupiter has moons orbiting it.
D
The religious and cultural beliefs supported this model.
7

How was Aristotle’s model similar to Ptolemy’s model?

A
Both models stated that the planets rotate on their axes.
B
Both models stated that Earth is the center of the system around which other objects orbit.
C
Both models stated that the planets and objects in the solar system have small orbits called epicycles.
D
Both models stated that the Sun is the center of the system around which objects have elliptical orbits.
8

When two objects are near each other, how would increasing one object’s mass affect it?

A
The shape of the object would change.
B
The weight of the object would decrease.
C
The gravitational force of the object would increase.
D
The mass of the object would be stronger than gravity.
9

Which planet is terrestrial?

A
Jupiter
B
Mars
C
Saturn
D
Uranus
10

At which location would an object’s weight be the greatest?

A
on Pluto
B
on Earth
C
on the Sun
D
on the moon
11

According to the big bang theory, which statement is accurate about how the universe came to be?

A
It expanded slowly.
B
It gradually warmed.
C
Stars and galaxies formed.
D
Atoms such as hydrogen were destroyed.
12

The Hertzsprung-Russel diagram is used to show the relationship between which two characteristics of stars?

A
luminosity and temperature
B
mass and luminosity
C
temperature and mass
D
mass and color
13

The solar mass of the Sun is 1. The orbital period of Jupiter is 11.9 Earth years.

A
5.2 AU
B
41 AU
C
52 AU
D
410 AU
14

What is the net change that occurs during the fusion process in the Sun?

A
Two helium nuclei come together to form a larger helium nucleus, two protons, and energy.
B
Four hydrogen nuclei join to form a helium nucleus, two neutrinos, and energy.
C
Six hydrogen nuclei and two electrons join to form a helium nucleus, two protons, two neutrinos, and energy.
D
Two hydrogen nuclei come together to produce a helium nucleus and energy.
15

The graphic organizer compares energy transfer in two layers of the Sun.

Question illustration
A
X: Absorbs energy from the coreY: Takes longer for photons to move through
B
X: Releases energy to the photosphereY: Takes longer for photons to move through
C
X: Takes longer for photons to move throughY: Absorbs energy from the core
D
X: Takes longer for photons to move throughY: Releases energy to the photosphere
16

According to the big bang theory, which describes the universe before the actual big bang occurred?

A
multiple, cold, dense points, each larger than the Sun
B
multiple, hot, dense points, each smaller than an atom
C
single, cold, dense point larger than the Sun
D
single, hot, dense point smaller than an atom
17

Which event led to the formation of our solar system?

A
A galaxy broke apart.
B
A massive star exploded.
C
A solar nebula collapsed.
D
Dark matter materialized.
18

Which statement accurately describes how the understanding of the Doppler effect is applied to the study of galaxies?

A
It was used by Hubble to measure the velocities of galaxies.
B
It was used to monitor galaxy motion through changes in sound waves.
C
It indicates a galaxy moving toward Earth through red shift.
D
It indicates a galaxy moving away from Earth through blue shift.
19

Which statement best explains why objects are pulled toward Earth’s center?

A
Earth has a magnetic force that is strongest at its core.
B
Earth has a much greater mass than objects on its surface.
C
The weight of the atmosphere pushes objects toward Earth's surface.
D
The strength of the Sun’s gravity pushes down on objects at Earth's surface.
20

Which idea did Ptolemy’s model use to explain why the planets appeared to move backward as they moved in their orbits?

A
The planets spun in epicycles.
B
The planets rotated on their axes.
C
The planets revolved around the Sun.
D
The planets were made of different materials.

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