Which of the following actions has caused desertification in Africa?i. Overgrazing of livestockii. Farming the same land over and overiii. Practicing deforestation

Overgrazing removes vegetation faster than it can recover, while repeatedly farming the same land can exhaust its soil. Deforestation also removes tree cover that protects soil from erosion and helps retain moisture. Since all three actions can contribute to desertification, the correct choice is D, “i., ii., and iii.”

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