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Thermodynamics and Nuclear Energy — Test Answers

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1
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Which nuclear process does the model illustrate?

A
nuclear fission, because a nucleus breaks apart
B
nuclear fission, because nuclei combine
C
nuclear fusion, because a nucleus breaks apart
D
nuclear fusion, because nuclei combine
2
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Which best describes how the diagram illustrates both laws of thermodynamics?

A
First law: Kinetic energy is used to turn an electrical generator. Second law: Some thermal energy is lost to the surrounding environment as it travels through the system.
B
First law: Thermal energy is used to do work on the turbines. Second law: High-temperature steam flows to an area of lower temperatures in the turbines.
C
First law: High-temperature steam flows to an area of lower temperature in the turbines. Second law: Thermal energy is used to do work on the turbines.
D
First law: Some thermal energy is lost to the surrounding environment as it travels through the system. Second law: Kinetic energy is used to turn an electrical generator.
3

Which is the best region for each label?

A
Label 1: X Label 2: Z Label 3: X
B
Label 1: X Label 2: Z Label 3: Z
C
Label 1: Z Label 2: X Label 3: Y
D
Label 1: X Label 2: Z Label 3: Y
4

Which label belongs in the area marked Y?

A
Can occur where there is little or no matter
B
Must involve temperature differences between substances or objects
C
Occurs when molecules are in direct contact
D
Involves the movement of fluids based on density differences
5

How would the system change if the container were placed on a hot plate?

A
Some kinetic energy would be destroyed.
B
Some kinetic energy would be produced.
C
The kinetic energy of the molecules would decrease.
D
The kinetic energy of the molecules would increase.
6

Which expression should Trudy write?

A
open paren 8 m sub p plus 6 m sub n close paren minus m sub cap c minus 14
B
m sub p plus m sub n minus m sub cap c minus 14
C
6 m sub p plus 8 m sub e minus m sub cap c minus 14
D
open paren 6 m sub p plus 8 m sub n close paren minus m sub cap c minus 14
7

Which is the best predictor of the radioactive nature of an isotope?

A
the neutron-to-proton ratio
B
the electron-to-proton ratio
C
the neutron-to-electron ratio
D
the proton-to-electron ratio
8

Which condition must exist in order for conduction to occur between two substances?

A
At least one substance must be a liquid.
B
Both substances must be the same temperature.
C
Most of the molecules must be slow moving.
D
The molecules of the substances must be touching.
9

Which best describes a spontaneous process as it relates to the second law of thermodynamics?

A
It destroys heat.
B
It creates energy.
C
It requires work.
D
It occurs naturally.
10

Which are associated with nuclear fission but are not associated with nuclear fusion? Choose three correct answers.

A
two small nuclei joining together
B
a single large nucleus breaking apart
C
neutrons striking nuclei
D
the release of large amounts of energy
E
two small nuclei forming
11

Zoe finds that the temperature of a substance is 12 degrees Celsius. What does this tell Zoe about the substance?

A
It has a potential energy of 12 degrees Celsius.
B
It has a specific heat of 12 on the Celsius scale.
C
Its internal energy is less than 12 degrees Celsius.
D
Its average kinetic energy is 12 on the Celsius scale.
12

Which change occurs when an atom undergoes alpha decay?

A
The nucleus loses mass and a new element is produced.
B
The nucleus loses a neutron and remains the same element.
C
The nucleus gains a proton and a new element is produced.
D
The nucleus loses energy and remains the same element.
13

Suppose the exhaust system on a heat engine is not functioning properly. Which statement best explains how this will affect the engine?

A
Combustion and subsequent gas expansion will not occur.
B
The fuel-air mixture will not be able to enter the cylinder.
C
The temperature of the gas will not increase during the compression stage.
D
Burned gases will not be released into the surrounding air.
14

Thermodynamics is the study of the relationship between thermal energy and

A
temperature.
B
types of engines.
C
mass.
D
other forms of energy.
15

A heat engine has a temperature of 1800 cap k Some of the heat from the engine flows to the surroundings, which are at a temperature of 160 cap k What is the approximate efficiency of the engine?

A
91 percent
B
16 percent
C
103 percent
D
109 percent
16

Dante pours hot tea into a mug that is cool to the touch. Which best explains what will happen now?

A
The tea will get warmer because the mug acts as a thermal insulator.
B
The mug will get warmer because thermal energy transfers from the tea to the mug.
C
The mug will get warmer because the tea creates more thermal energy inside the mug.
D
The tea will get cooler because it gains energy from the mug.
17

A substance has a specific heat of 0 point 8 7 0 the fraction with numerator cap j and denominator g times degree C It requires 2 comma 000 point 0 joules to increase the temperature of 10 point 0 grams of the substance from its original temperature to its final temperature. By how many degrees did the substance increase?

A
230 times degree C
B
1 comma 740 times degree C
C
174 times degree C
D
87 point 0 times degree C
18

Which best compares kinetic energy and temperature?

A
Kinetic energy is internal transferable energy, while temperature is a measure of that energy in substances.
B
Kinetic energy is energy of motion, while temperature is a measure of that energy in substances.
C
Temperature is internal transferable energy, while kinetic energy is a measure of that energy in substances.
D
Temperature is energy of motion, while kinetic energy is a measure of that energy in substances.
19

Which condition must exist in order for conduction to occur between two substances?

A
Both substances must be the same temperature.
B
Most of the molecules must be slow moving.
C
At least one substance must be a liquid.
D
The molecules of the substances must be touching.
20

Carla sees an equation that models a nuclear change. 1 squared cap h plus 1 cubed cap h to 2 to the 4th power He plus 0 to the 1th power n Which nuclear process does the equation illustrate?

A
nuclear fission, because the equation shows two hydrogen nuclei combining to form a helium nucleus
B
nuclear fusion, because the equation shows two hydrogen nuclei combining to form a helium nucleus
C
nuclear fusion, because the equation shows a hydrogen nucleus breaking apart and releasing a neutron
D
nuclear fission, because the equation shows a hydrogen nucleus breaking apart and releasing a neutron

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