AnswersAP US Government and PoliticsCumulative Exam

Cumulative Exam — Cumulative exam Answers

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21
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In which of the following scenarios is a president most likely to use an executive order to create a policy?

A
The president enjoys strong support from a large majority in Congress concerning the president’s positions on gun control.
B
Congress is controlled by the opposing political party and is unwilling to compromise to pass a sentencing-reform bill.
C
While negotiating a revision to an international trade agreement, the president reaches an impasse with foreign heads of state.
D
The majority of the justices on the Supreme Court oppose the president’s legislative agenda.
22
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A president is on good terms with Congress, who are in general agreement with the president’s policy agenda.

A
The president can work with Congress to create bills related to the policy agenda, which will move successfully through the House and Senate, allowing the president to sign the bills into law.
B
The president can decide not to help write or support bills, leaving the House and Senate to advance the agenda without interference.
C
The president can campaign for the agenda, working to have the policy agenda passed into law on a state-by-state basis.
D
The president can use executive orders to pass orders directly to department heads, thereby bypassing the normal process of legislation.
23

Refer to the passage.[The President] shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.–US Constitution, Article II, Section 2

A
The president and the Senate were given the most power to create new offices.
B
The federal government must limit the number of appointments that can be created.
C
The executive branch was given the power to create a bureaucracy to administer laws.
D
The appointment of bureaucratic officers not mentioned in the Constitution must be approved by the Senate.
24

Refer to the passage.[The President] shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.–US Constitution, Article II, Section 2

A
The executive bureaucracy has become dependent on the Senate for appointments.
B
The number of officers in the executive bureaucracy have increased as presidents have seen the need for them.
C
The framers’ restrictions on the executive branch have been disregarded in today’s ever-expanding bureaucracy.
D
The framers hoped to limit the other branches’ power by giving the president the power of bureaucratic appointments, but that has not happened.
25

Which of the following best reflects an application of the Eighth Amendment?

A
The conviction of an accused person is overruled because the person asked for a grand jury and the request was denied.
B
A person cleared of a murder charge openly brags about their guilt, but a new trial cannot be ordered.
C
Evidence obtained from a warrantless search by officers is ruled admissible when probable cause is proven.
D
The 25-year prison sentence given to a person convicted of possessing two ounces of cocaine is ruled unconstitutional.
26

Which of the following scenarios would most likely be protected by the First Amendment?

A
an essay that a student submitted after copying it from the internet
B
an online article falsely accusing a famous person of sexual harassment
C
a speech given in a public park to encourage Congress to respond to a terrorist attack with military force
D
an armed person standing outside the White House and encouraging a group of people to break into the building
27

Which of the following actions is protected by the Bill of Rights?

A
participating in a plan to overthrow the national government
B
refusing to pay taxes toward a program one ethically opposes
C
writing a critical and unkind article on an online newspaper site
D
publishing unverified information that defames someone’s character
28

Which of the following protections is guaranteed by the Bill of Rights?

A
refusing to testify after witnessing a crime
B
resisting arrest if the cause appears to be unjust
C
fleeing from law enforcement for fear of one’s safety
D
refusing to speak to a police officer without an attorney present
29

A group of protesters arrive in Washington, DC, to rally against a piece of legislation with which they disagree. They obtain all of the proper permits for their event. During the rally, a guest speaker calls for attendees to walk down the streets to protest the bill. Police step in and begin arresting protestors who block traffic. One of the arrested protesters appeals her case to the Supreme Court, arguing that her arrest and conviction violated her right to peacefully assemble and exercise free speech.

A
The Supreme Court will rule against her because individuals and groups have the right to free speech and assembly unless they become violent.
B
The Supreme Court will rule in her favor because it has established a test to determine whether free speech and assembly movements should be granted permits.
C
It will rule in her favor because the Supreme Court considers organized civil disobedience to be a form of protected speech and therefore not hindered by public safety concerns.
D
It will rule against her because the Supreme Court has distinguished between protected assembly and assembly that poses an imminent threat to public safety.
30

Refer to the passage.We concluded that certain fundamental rights, safeguarded by the first eight amendments against federal action, were also safeguarded against state action by the due process of law clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and among them the fundamental right of the accused to the aid of counsel in a criminal prosecution. . . .. . . From the very beginning, our state and national constitutions and laws have laid great emphasis on procedural and substantive safeguards designed to assure fair trials before impartial tribunals in which every defendant stands equal before the law. This noble ideal cannot be realized if the poor man charged with crime has to face his accusers without a lawyer to assist him.–Justice Hugo Black, Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

A
The Bill of Rights has always been the primary means of protecting individual rights against infringement by state institutions.
B
The 14th Amendment applies the protections of the Bill of Rights to the states.
C
The right to a fair trial depends on defendants’ ability to pay for an attorney to represent them in court.
D
Due-process protections within the Bill of Rights were intended to protect poor individuals from being put on trial.
31

Which of the following best describes a limitation placed on the states by the due process clause?

A
States may not force criminal defendants to testify against themselves.
B
States may not deny criminal defendants a trial by a jury of their peers.
C
States may not deny a criminal suspect access to a fair and speedy trial.
D
States may not imprison a criminal suspect for an indefinite amount of time.
32

Refer to the passage.We concluded that certain fundamental rights, safeguarded by the first eight amendments against federal action, were also safeguarded against state action by the due process of law clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and among them the fundamental right of the accused to the aid of counsel in a criminal prosecution. . . .. . . From the very beginning, our state and national constitutions and laws have laid great emphasis on procedural and substantive safeguards designed to assure fair trials before impartial tribunals in which every defendant stands equal before the law. This noble ideal cannot be realized if the poor man charged with crime has to face his accusers without a lawyer to assist him.–Justice Hugo Black, Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

A
Incorporation is the process by which the Bill of Rights is applied to the states.
B
The Bill of Rights is incorporated into the existing constitution of each state.
C
The right to due process prevents the federal government from infringing on the Bill of Rights.
D
Incorporating rights such as due process prevents the states from changing the meaning of the Bill of Rights.
33

Refer to the cartoon.

Question illustration
A
an authoritarian regime with a ruler from the working class
B
a hereditary monarchy in a highly homogeneous society
C
a democratic republic where the working class supports a common goal
D
an oligarchy where a small number of industrial workers have principle control
34

Refer to the cartoon.

Question illustration
A
As a nation urbanizes, leaders need to adapt to the people’s changing economic demands.
B
For a republic to be successful, all groups of people need to be represented within the system.
C
People working toward a political goal need to overthrow the current system to achieve success.
D
Interest groups need to convince as many people as possible to join their side to achieve success.
35

Refer to the passage.More so than speeches and slogans ever could, the content of the Affordable Care Act and the Better Care Reconciliation Act, or Obamacare and Trumpcare, reveal the different values of the two parties. It’s hard to imagine a clearer statement of priorities than the competing approaches to health care in the United States.In short, Democrats are focused on trying to maximize the number of people who have decent health insurance, and are willing to accept whatever tax increases and arrangements with health insurers and other private interests are needed to make that happen. They seek the broadest possible availability of health care, whatever the cost and political trade-offs it takes to achieve it.Republicans are focused on trying to minimize taxes, especially on investment income, and keeping federal subsidies for health care to a minimum. They are willing to accept the wrenching consequences that attaining those goals might have for Americans' insurance coverage, betting that lower taxes and smaller government will fuel a more vibrant economy.–The New York Times, June 23, 2017

A
Republicans and Democrats’ unwillingness to compromise on healthcare reform has led to gridlock and rising healthcare prices.
B
Republicans seek a localized approach to healthcare reform, preferring that states cover the costs, while Democrats prefer a unified federal approach.
C
The issue of healthcare reform has become extremely complicated because Republicans and Democrats have no clear plan to rally behind.
D
Democrats tend to focus on providing health insurance for as many people as possible, while Republicans tend to focus lowering taxes and seeking small government.
36

Refer to the passage.More so than speeches and slogans ever could, the content of the Affordable Care Act and the Better Care Reconciliation Act, or Obamacare and Trumpcare, reveal the different values of the two parties. It’s hard to imagine a clearer statement of priorities than the competing approaches to health care in the United States.In short, Democrats are focused on trying to maximize the number of people who have decent health insurance, and are willing to accept whatever tax increases and arrangements with health insurers and other private interests are needed to make that happen. They seek the broadest possible availability of health care, whatever the cost and political trade-offs it takes to achieve it.Republicans are focused on trying to minimize taxes, especially on investment income, and keeping federal subsidies for health care to a minimum. They are willing to accept the wrenching consequences that attaining those goals might have for Americans' insurance coverage, betting that lower taxes and smaller government will fuel a more vibrant economy.–The New York Times, June 23, 2017

A
a bill that requires all citizens to purchase health insurance, but assists low-income people through tax breaks and financial aid
B
a bill that requires all citizens to purchase health insurance, but provides a tax break to health insurers and the medical industry
C
a bill that allows all citizens to choose to purchase health insurance if they want to, but makes the cost of health insurance tax deductible
D
a bill that requires all employers to provide health insurance to their employees, but limits the amount that insurance companies can charge for policies
37

Refer to the chart. Conservative ViewpointLiberal ViewpointA.Parents should be able to choose the educational situation (including a private or charter school) that best suits their children.Funding unproven educational models is inefficient and a waste of taxpayer money.B.The federal government should ensure that all students nationwide are taught a basic curriculum.State governments are best equipped to determine what should be taught in public schools.C.Teacher unions drive up the cost of education and should be eliminated.Teachers unions should protect the jobs of poor teachers.D.The federal government has a civil responsibility to ensure that citizens can borrow money for higher-education needs.Decreased regulation and increased participation from private-sector lenders will sufficiently address the college-tuition crisis.

A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
38

Which of the following is the best example of a scientifically conducted poll?

A
A small, private college in the Midwest emails a survey to its alumni asking about their views on a new environmental policy.
B
A political party mails a survey to its donors asking which issues it should focus on in the upcoming election.
C
An interest group conducts a random telephone survey asking likely voters if they approve of an education bill as written.
D
A large newspaper conducts a survey on its website asking readers whether the government should increase or decrease tariffs.
39

A political advisor uses a Gallup poll to determine the public’s opinion on gun control before advising a presidential candidate on which stance to support.

A
Polls are similar to news reporting, which gives a temperature gauge on public opinion.
B
Polls sponsored by donors are an effective means of discovering which issues the public cares about.
C
Polls provide insight into reports that will promote solid decision-making by a campaign on specific issues.
D
Polls that are scientifically vetted will help a campaign team provide accurate evidence on public opinion.
40

Refer to the graph.How does the data explain a change in rural political culture over time?

Question illustration
A
Rural America supports democratic ideals, demonstrating support of a liberal political culture.
B
Rural America is aligned to a conservative political platform, suggesting that party platforms have shifted.
C
Rural America remains steadfast in its conservative values while urban conservatives grow more liberal, suggesting that rural political culture is not evolving.
D
Rural America will respond to conservative candidates to represent its ideals and reject urban political culture.

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