AnswersPhilosophy The Big PictureUnit 6: The Rise of Modern Western Philosophy

Unit 6: The Rise of Modern Western Philosophy — Final exam Answers

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1
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Which BEST explains why Wittgenstein emphasized language in his work?

A
Only humans have language, so it is essential to humanity.
B
Language structures ideas, and therefore the realm of facts.
C
There is no existence without language, so nothing else matters.
D
Not enough philosophers have critically examined the role of language.
2
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How did Bertrand Russell’s background as a mathematician shape his understanding of philosophy?

A
It caused him to focus on logic.
B
It required him to have proof for his ideas.
C
It separated him from the other empiricists.
D
It required that he deny the Christian philosophers.
3

What is one of the challenges of Husserl’s study of phenomenology?

A
Few scientists respected the work of philosophers.
B
It is nearly impossible not to have preconceived notions.
C
Society was far less religious than it had been in previous eras.
D
The structure of language is impossible to separate from thought.
4

Besides ethics, Russell also posed questions that belong in which other branch of philosophy?

A
theology
B
metaphysics
C
epistemology
D
transcendentalism
5

Which idea would analytic philosophers think needs to be examined?

A
religious and spiritual beliefs
B
assumptions about human behavior
C
obscure scientific facts form the past
D
all the work of previous philosophers
6

According to Bertrand Russell, the purpose of analytic philosophy is to refine meaning. Which other philosopher wanted to use philosophy to define terms?

A
Zeno
B
Plato
C
Socrates
D
Diogenes
7

How did philosophy in continental Europe differ from that in England and the United States in this era?

A
There were not very many significant differences between the two regions.
B
Continental Europe was more focused on logic and language than other regions.
C
Continental Europe was less impacted by world events than England and the United States.
D
The nature of existence was a more important question to continental philosophers.
8

What did Wittgenstein have in common with Russell?

A
They were both founders of existentialism.
B
They both spend most of their careers working in the United States.
C
They both felt that they had resolved important philosophical questions.
D
They both believed that classical philosophers were not very significant.
9

Which BEST explains the difference between intentionality and logical positivism?

A
Intentionality minimized the role of language, unlike logical positivism.
B
Logical positivism focuses on language and intentionality on consciousness.
C
Logical positivism asserts the goodness of man and intentionality questions it.
D
Intentionality sought to define the nature of man differently than logical positivism.
10

What is the difference between empiricism and radical empiricism?

A
Empiricism requires faith, but radical empiricism is based on logic.
B
Empiricism is used in science and radical empiricism is for philosophy.
C
Empiricism depends on observation; radical empiricism says it is the only way to truth.
D
Empiricism was widely accepted among philosophers, but radical empiricism was not.
11

Which philosopher would be MOST likely to share Russell’s belief that that all people have innate value?

A
Zeno
B
Socrates
C
Bentham
D
Nietzsche
12

Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre disagreed about most of the key points of existentialism.

A
True
B
False
13

Imagine that a society made a decision that stealing was just fine. Would a pragmatist agree this was ethical?

A
If no one objected, yes.
B
No. Stealing is always wrong.
C
There is no such thing as ethical action.
D
A pragmatist would not ask the question.
14

What did Heidegger mean when he said that authenticity was the only way to feel human and not like an object?

A
Following societies rules is the key to a meaningful life.
B
Human feelings only exist when they are centered on meaning.
C
Objects cannot contemplate their humanity, so they do not exist.
D
Authenticity leads to meaning, and that is where humanity exists.
15

What part of Hegel’s philosophy would a pragmatist disagree with the MOST?

A
absolute idealism
B
the role of history
C
the whole idea of the dialectic
D
the acceptance of violence as change
16

Phenomenology was influenced by the rise of psychology in the era.

A
True
B
False
17

Which BEST explains Bertrand Russell’s ideas about peace?

A
He was a lifelong advocate for peace.
B
He mathematically proved peace was ideal.
C
He thought that peace was the only rational choice.
D
He became more convinced that it was important as he aged.
18

Simone de Beauvoir argued that existentialism gave women the freedom to make meaning in their lives however they chose to. What did she argue that it did for men?

A
It gave men the same freedoms that she wanted for women.
B
It required that philosophy open its doors to more female thinkers.
C
She argued that women had been oppressed for years so men owed them.
D
She felt men were obligated to support all women in their endeavors.
19

Bertrand Russell was primarily a mathematician.

A
True
B
False
20

What would a logical positivist say about the philosophers who questioned the existence of God?

A
God exists in language, therefore God must exist.
B
They were wasting their time because the topic is meaningless.
C
God is a belief that gives many comfort, so the belief does not have to logical.
D
As long as their conclusions could be proven, they would accept the existence of God.

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